Overview:
Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is primarily caused by infections from viruses, bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms. Meningitis can be life-threatening if not treated promptly, especially bacterial meningitis.

Causes:
Meningitis is commonly caused by bacterial or viral infections. Bacterial meningitis, caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenzae, is particularly serious. Viral meningitis is usually less severe and often caused by enteroviruses. Fungal meningitis is rare but can occur in immunocompromised individuals.

Symptoms:
Symptoms of meningitis include sudden fever, severe headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, nausea, vomiting, and confusion. In infants, symptoms may include irritability, poor feeding, and a bulging fontanel (soft spot on the head).

Treatment:
Treatment depends on the cause. Bacterial meningitis requires urgent antibiotic treatment, often administered intravenously. Antiviral medications are used for certain viral infections, while antifungals treat fungal meningitis. Supportive care, including rest and hydration, is critical for recovery.

Precautions:
Close contacts of patients with bacterial meningitis may need preventive antibiotics. Maintaining good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing, helps reduce the spread of viral and bacterial infections. Vaccines are available for some bacteria that cause meningitis.

Prevention:
Vaccination is the best preventive measure against bacterial meningitis, particularly with vaccines like the meningococcal, pneumococcal, and Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) vaccines. Avoiding close contact with infected individuals and boosting immunity with a healthy lifestyle can also reduce risk.

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